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Tuchola prisoner of war camp
The Tuchola prisoner of war camp, located in the town of Tuchola (''Tuchel'', ''Тухоля''), was built and operated by the German Empire from 1914 until 1918 and then by the Second Polish Republic from 1920 until 1921.
==German prisoner of war camp==
The camp was constructed at the beginning of World War I by the Germans.〔 Initially the German military command believed that the war would last no more than a few weeks and even if the campaign in the west lasted longer, the expectation was that the Russians would not be able to mobilize large forces for some time. However Tsarist Russia began an offensive in Eastern Prussia soon after the commencement of hostilities and the German army was forced to relocate substantial forces to the east. After crucial strategic mistakes by Russian generals at the Battle of Tannenberg and the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, the Germans, after these victories, found themselves with a substantial number of captured Russian soldiers, around 137,000 prisoners. Without a prior plan to accommodate this many captives the Germans began hastily building the facilities to house them, most of which were located in Gdańsk Pomerania, including Tuchola.〔 The camp itself was constructed using labor from captured Russian prisoners of war. In addition to Russians, after Romania joined the Entente side in 1916, the camp also held Romanians, as well as a few soldiers of the Western Entente countries. In all of Gdańsk Pomerania there were from twenty to twenty five thousand Romanian soldiers held captive. In Tuchola in particular, their fate was quite tragic and they accounted for most of the fatalities in the camp.〔
Due to the spread of infectious diseases, during the period of World War I, 3760 prisoners died in the camp.〔 Of these 2471 were Romanians (most of these deaths occurred in 1917) and 1289 were Russians (the majority of deaths occurred in 1915 although these were more spread out than those of the Romanians). At the beginning of 1918 Polish prisoners were also held in the camp.〔
After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and the Soviet Union, Russian prisoners began to be released. However, because the German authorities wished to use them for forced labor for as long as possible, only few were initially allowed to leave the camp and a mass departure of Russian POWs did not take place until the German capitulation and the collapse of the German empire, after November of 1918.〔 After the Germans abandoned the camp the facilities and infrastructure deteriorated, particularly the living quarters.〔 Some of the released Russian soldiers elected to stay in what became the newly reconstituted Poland, finding work in local agriculture or intermarrying with the local population.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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